JLPT N2 - Grammar ๐ŸŒŸ ใ—ใ‹ใ‚‚ shikamo

Japanese adverb โ€œใ—ใ‹ใ‚‚โ€ (shikamo) labeled N2 on a pink background, meaning โ€œmoreover,โ€ โ€œfurthermore,โ€ or โ€œon top of that.โ€

Have you ever wanted to add one more punch to your sentence, like “not only that, but also!” or “and what’s more!”?

For example, you might say, “This ramen is super tasty, and on top of that, it’s cheap!” Or, “This smartphone’s battery lasts a long time, and what’s more, it’s really light.” And in a less fortunate situation, you might say, “I was late to class, and what’s worse, I forgot my homework too…”

That’s exactly what ใ—ใ‹ใ‚‚ (shikamo) does in Japanese.

It’s an N2-level conjunction you’ll often hear in conversations, TV shows, or even advertisements when someone wants to emphasize an extra, often surprising detail.

Whether you want to highlight something positive or pile on an unfortunate situation, ใ—ใ‹ใ‚‚ is your go-to word. And once you master it, your storytelling will become much smoother and more engaging!

Shall we check it out?

 

 

ใ•ใ‚‰ใซ (sarani)
Adds information like “furthermore” or “in addition,” but is more neutral and less emphatic than ใ—ใ‹ใ‚‚.

ใ“ใฎ่–ฌใฏๅŠนๆžœใŒ้ซ˜ใ„ใ€‚ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€ๅ‰ฏไฝœ็”จใ‚‚ๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎ ใใ™ใ‚Š ใฏ ใ“ใ†ใ‹ ใŒ ใŸใ‹ใ„ใ€‚ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€ใตใใ•ใ‚ˆใ† ใ‚‚ ใ™ใใชใ„ใ€‚
kono kusuri ha kouka ga takai. sarani, fukusayou mo sukunai.
This medicine is effective. Furthermore, it has few side effects.

 

ใใฎไธŠ (sono ue)
More formal than ใ—ใ‹ใ‚‚, often used in writing or polite conversation.

ๅฝผใฏไป•ไบ‹ใŒๆ—ฉใ„ใ€‚ใใฎไธŠใ€ๆญฃ็ขบใ ใ€‚
ใ‹ใ‚Œ ใฏ ใ—ใ”ใจ ใŒ ใฏใ‚„ใ„ใ€‚ใใฎใ†ใˆใ€ใ›ใ„ใ‹ใ ใ ใ€‚
kare ha shigoto ga hayai. sono ue, seikaku da.
He works quickly. Moreover, he’s accurate.

 

๐Ÿ’ก Tip:
ใ•ใ‚‰ใซ = neutral, “in addition,” adds calmly
ใใฎไธŠ = polite, often written or formal
ใ—ใ‹ใ‚‚ = conversational, emphatic, adds an element of surprise

 

 

ใ“ใฎใƒฉใƒผใƒกใƒณใ€ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ็พŽๅ‘ณใ—ใ„ใ€‚ใ—ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ€ๅฎ‰ใ„ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎ ใ‚‰ใƒผใ‚ใ‚“ ใปใ‚“ใจใ†ใซ ใŠใ„ใ—ใ„ใ€‚ใ—ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ€ใ‚„ใ™ใ„ใ€‚
kono raamen hontou ni oishii. shikamo, yasui.
This ramen is really delicious. And on top of that, it’s cheap.

 

ๅฝผใฏๅญฆๅนดใง1็•ชใฎๆˆ็ธพใ‚’ใจใฃใŸใ€‚ใ—ใ‹ใ‚‚ๅ…จๆ•™็ง‘ๆบ€็‚นใงใ€‚
ใ‹ใ‚Œ ใฏ ใŒใใญใ‚“ ใง ใ„ใกใฐใ‚“ ใฎ ใ›ใ„ใ›ใ ใ‚’ ใจใฃใŸใ€‚ใ—ใ‹ใ‚‚ ใœใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ ใพใ‚“ใฆใ‚“ ใงใ€‚
kare ha gakunen de ichiban no seiseki wo totta. shikamo, zenkyouka manten de.
He got the top grades in his grade. And on top of that, he got perfect scores in every subject.

 

ใ“ใฎใ‚ขใƒ—ใƒชใ€ใจใฆใ‚‚ไฝฟใ„ใ‚„ใ™ใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใŠใ™ใ™ใ‚ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ—ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ€็„กๆ–™ใชใ‚“ใงใ™ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎ ใ‚ใทใ‚Šใ€ใจใฆใ‚‚ ใคใ‹ใ„ใ‚„ใ™ใ„ ใ‹ใ‚‰ ใŠใ™ใ™ใ‚ ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ—ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ€ใ‚€ใ‚Šใ‚‡ใ† ใชใ‚“ใงใ™ใ€‚
kono apuri, totemo tsukaiyasui kara osusume desu. shikamo, muryou nan desu.
This app is really easy to use, so I recommend it. And what’s more, it’s free.

 

ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏ้›จใ ใ€‚ใ—ใ‹ใ‚‚้›ทใ‚‚ใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๅ‡บๆญฉใ‘ใใ†ใซใชใ„ใญใ€‚
ใใ‚‡ใ† ใฏ ใ‚ใ‚ ใ ใ€‚ใ—ใ‹ใ‚‚ ใ‹ใฟใชใ‚Š ใ‚‚ ใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‘ใใ† ใซ ใชใ„ ใญใ€‚
kyou ha ame da. shikamo, kaminari mo natteiru kara, dearukesou ni nai ne.
It’s raining today. And on top of that, there’s thunder, so it doesn’t look like we can go out.

 

้“ใซ่ฟทใฃใฆไปŠๆ—ฅๆณŠใพใ‚‹ใƒ›ใƒ†ใƒซใŒ่ฆ‹ใคใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€‚ใ—ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ€ใ‚นใƒžใƒ›ใฎ้›ปๆฑ ใŒๅˆ‡ใ‚Œใใ†ใ ...ใ€‚
ใฟใก ใซ ใพใ‚ˆใฃใฆ ใใ‚‡ใ† ใจใพใ‚‹ ใปใฆใ‚‹ ใŒ ใฟใคใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€‚ใ—ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ€ใ™ใพใป ใฎ ใงใ‚“ใก ใŒ ใใ‚Œใใ† ใ …ใ€‚
michi ni mayotte kyou tomaru hoteru ga mitsukaranai. shikamo, sumaho no denchi ga kiresou da…
I got lost and can’t find the hotel I’m staying at tonight. And what’s worse, my phone battery is about to die...

 

 

 

  • Grammar Point: ใ—ใ‹ใ‚‚ (shikamo)
  • JLPT Level: N2
  • Meaning: Moreover, on top of that, what’s more, and yet
  • Quick Explanation: ใ—ใ‹ใ‚‚ is used to add extra information, often surprising, impressive, or even unfortunate, on top of what was just said. It makes your sentences more engaging, dramatic, or emphatic.

 

So that’s how we use ใ—ใ‹ใ‚‚ in Japanese!
It’s the perfect word when you want to add an extra punch, whether it’s to brag about something great, or to pile on a little extra drama to your story.

 

ใ„ใคใ‚‚ๅคง่กŒๅˆ—ใฎใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญๅฑ‹ใ•ใ‚“ใŒไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใŸใพใŸใพ็ฉบใ„ใฆใ„ใŸใฎใงใ€ใƒใƒงใ‚ณใƒฌใƒผใƒˆใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใ‚’่ฒทใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ—ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ€ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ ใ‚ปใƒผใƒซใ‚’ใ‚„ใฃใฆใ„ใฆ10%ใ‚ชใƒ•ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ‚„ใฃใŸใƒผ๏ผ
ใ„ใคใ‚‚ ใ ใ„ใŽใ‚‡ใ†ใ‚Œใค ใฎ ใ‘ใƒผใใ‚„ใ•ใ‚“ ใŒ ใใ‚‡ใ† ใฏ ใŸใพใŸใพ ใ‚ใ„ใฆใ„ใŸ ใฎใงใ€ใกใ‚‡ใ“ใ‚Œใƒผใจใ‘ใƒผใ ใ‚’ ใ‹ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ—ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ€ใŸใ„ใ‚€ใ›ใƒผใ‚‹ ใ‚’ ใ‚„ใฃใฆใ„ใฆ ใ˜ใ‚…ใฃใฑใƒผใ›ใ‚“ใจ ใŠใต ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ‚„ใฃใŸใƒผ๏ผ
itsumo daigyouretsu no keeki yasan ga kyou ha tatatama aiteita node, chokoreeto keeki wo kaimashita. shikamo, taimu seeru wo yatteite, juppaasento ofu deshita. yattaa!
The cake shop that’s usually super crowded happened to be empty today, so I bought a chocolate cake. And what’s more, they were having a time sale, so it was 10% off. Yay!

 

Now it’s your turn! Try making your own sentence with ใ—ใ‹ใ‚‚ and see how fun and dramatic your Japanese can become!

 

Your Sensei,
Hikari ๐Ÿ‘ฉ๐Ÿป‍๐Ÿซ

 


 

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